Digitized by the Internet Archive. IVIicrosoft Corporation. OOvickiala. SWEDISH GRAMMAR. EDW. It lays no claim to be a compen- . Tcen or writ- . ten language. The consideration that the majority. Swedish has led the author to make. The fact that each lesson thus contains. This form of. exercise, moreover, facilitates a method which the author. Tysta stodo nejdens kvinnor . HERKULES, stolt av mod; av blod h. Hej lif och mandom i v. Search the history of over 510 billion pages on the Internet. Featured texts All Texts latest This Just In Smithsonian Libraries FEDLINK (US) Genealogy Lincoln. Jag har blott haft roligt med mina ett tusen kvinnor och behagat dem med att g. The author. feels confident that his grammar lends itself to conversa- . The vocabulary has been carefully selected. Swedish exercises are of a colloquial and idiomatic char- . During the first hour the gram- . Jie. Swedish portion of the exercise thoroughly practiced; the. English portion, and to conversation. The*. conversational exercises are not intended to be exhaustive. The value of the con- . The limitations of space in an elementary booh. The book is chiefly. Moreover, a correct Swedish. Stomherg, University of. Minnesota, for much valuable advice and encouragement. Professor Jules Mauritzson, Augustana College. Roch Island, for Ins extremely valuable services in revising. Definite Articles: Postpositive, Prepositive.. Inflection of Nouns: First and Second Declen- . IV. Third Declension 2. V. The Verb: First Conjugation 3. VI. Second Conjugation 3. VII. Inflection of Nouns: Fourth Declension . Nouns: Fifth Declension . Nouns: Irregularities in Declension . The Verb: Third Conjugation . The Verb: Future and Future Perfect Indica- . Imperative . The Verb: Fourth Conjugation 7. XIII. The Verb: Subjunctive 7. XIV. The Verb: . Irregularities; Unreal Conditions 8. XV. Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives . The Verb: Passive Voice 9. XVII. Tlie. Verb: Passive with Auxiliaries: Deponents 1. XVIII. Pronouns: Demonstrative Ill. XIX. The Verb: Verb Compounds 1. XX. Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives . The Verb: Present and Past Participle 1. XXII. The Verb: Impersonal Verbs; Reflexive Verbs 1. XXIII. The Verb: Modal Auxiliaries 1. XXIV. The Verb: Modal Auxiliaries 1. XXV. Pronouns: Indefinite 1. XXVI. Pronouns: Indefinite 1. XXVII. The Verb: Tenses of Indicative; Uses of In- . XXVIII. Adjectives: Comparison 1. XXIX. Adjectives: Comparison . Numerals: Cardinals and Ordinals; Expres- . XXXI. Numeral Formations; Expressions of date and. XXXII. Prepositions: Uses 2. XXXIII. Prepositions: Uses 2. XXXIV. Prepositions: Uses 2. XXXV. Prepositions: Uses 2. XXXVI. Adverbs: Uses 2. XXXVII. Conjunctions: Coordinating 2. XXXVIII. Conjunctions: Subordinating 2. XXXIX. Interjections 2. Appendix: Use of the Articles . The Swedish alphabet is as follows. Note. Only general directions can be given here. But. if not learned correctly at first, it becomes more difficult after- . It is not, however, intended that the whole of this. PRONUNCIATION. The study of the Gram. It must be borne in mind that the sounds of any two. Swedish and English are only approximate. QUANTITY. The quantity of Swedish sounds is either long. For practical purposes the consonajits. The. following rules will serve as a guide in determining. A vowel is long in an accented syllable when. The long and the short vowel sounds are indi- . The short. consonant sound is generally indicated by a single. Sometimes the long consonant sound in an accented syllable is indi- . With a few exceptions m is not doubled. The vowels must receive full and distinct utter- . No vowel is silent; only in the case of e. Mister (avoid e as in her). The exact sound is. Swedish long. d, with the lips so constricted (. This sound is identical with the Swedish. Robert; kol, coal. It is approximately that of u in value. Y is identical in sound with German u and. French u in une. Round the lips as if to pronounce. It is either. long or short. When short like e in met: an, than, yet; man. Round the lips as if to sound o in so; then. Swedish long e (see 5, 1). It is long. or short. This vowel has a tendency to become more open when short and also. The vowels a, o, u, a are called haxd vowels. Vowel modification, which in English is very. German name umlaut. Swedish. inflection and derivation. Thus a change from a. There are. a few exceptions in words of foreign origin; thus, ou in a few. French words sounds like u short, journal' (shurnal') ; eu. Preussen, Prussia, and its deriva- . French words: juste (shyst), just. These exceptions are neither many nor important. Consonants not discussed here have the same sound as in English. Like English d, but is silent before /. Where d according to the old orthography stands before t in the same. Is identical in sound with English /; frdga. In accordance with the old orthography / at the end of a syllable or. G is not silent before n: gnaga, gnaw. G before t, which occurred frequently in the old orthography, has now. Sj dragt (old). Is strongly aspirated, but is silent before. The silent h before v in the old orthography has been dropped in the. Like g (1. 8, 2) or English consonantal. I; jul, Christmas. In a few French loan words like sj : jasmin' (shasmin'), jessamine. K is not silent before n: kniv, knife; knd, knee. Has the same sound as in English. In some words of French origin em is sounded like the Swedish ang . Has the same sound as in English. In some words of French origrin en is sounded like the Swedish. Swedish dng: entusiasm' (angtusiasm), enthusiasm; pen. If g and n occurring tog^ether belong to the same radical syllable, they. Ng sounds like Englidi ng in singer, not like ng in finger: lang, long. Is strongly trilled with the tip of the. The uvular r which is made with the uvula vibrating against the. R in the combinations rl, rn, rs and especially rd and rt is not pro- . Is pronounced like s in so: sol, sun; sys- . Before a vowel these are. English. sh but is somewhat rougher. It must be carefully. In the endings - Hon and - ssion the si and ssi are sounded like sh. Exceptions to this rule are the words marskalk, marshal, and. Before e and i of an ending sk is pronounced like English sk: disken. Like English t in most words. In the ending - tion ti is sounded like sj (2. Like ts before ia and ie in foreign words: aktie (aktsie), share; patient'. Is pronounced like English ch: tjock. Is always pronounced like English v. English w. Is pronounced as in English. In words in - xion it is pronounced like ksj: reflexion' (rayflekshoon). Always pronounced like s in so: zebra. In Swedish a distinction must be made be- . The accent- stress falls on. Compound words of native. Exceptions, (a) The prefixes be- , e- , ent- . V, consort; ehu'ru, al- . So also the prefix for- is unaccented in. Other exceptions will be indicated as they occur. Compound words have in addition to the. Vhus', school- . house; trdd' gard\ garden. Words of foreign origin. Words from. the Greek and the Romance languages, especially. Nouns lia\ing the endings - inna, - essa, - aker, - eler, - cum, - ikel, - ipr. Uk, and verbs ending in - era are ac. Nouns ending in - ii. Hvilc' gium, privilege. Foreign words ending in - or shift the accent when suffixes are added. MUSICAL ACCENT. Different from the stress accent is the mu- . There are two kinds of musical accent. Swedish employed in single words, the acute and. Many dissijllahic and polysyllabic words have this accent, since. Foreign loan words often receive the acute. Tre important of the. European languages. The grave, or dissyllabic, accent belongs in. This accent is a peculiar feature. Swedish (and Norwegian), and constitutes. Although no rules can teach it, the following. We may call the highest pitch to which the. A word with acute accent has the normal. CAPITALIZATION. Ex.: get'- ter, get'- . The word is originally monosyllabic. This. intonation is practically the same as the English. A word with grave accent, if dissyllabic, be- . A word of more than two syllables taking. Ex.: ta^la- re, speaker. The accent mark used in this book merely indi- . Capitals are used less frequently in Swedish. English. Thus Swedish uses a small initial. English. (a) In the names of the days of the week and. Tuesday; april. (c) In adjectives and nouns derived from proper. Swedish; engelsk, English; sveden- . Swedenborgian ; darvinist, Darwinist. Stockholm. In titles of books and headings of chapters. In compound names like Forenta staterna. United States, and Stilla havet, Pacific Ocean, only. Karl den store, Charles the Great. Personal titles are generally not capitalized. Svensson; professor. Bjorkman; hans majestdt, His Majesty; but, Bdsta. Herr Professor! The pronoun / (second person plural) is. The rules of punctuation are nearly the. English and Swedish. But Swedish. punctuation is perhaps closer than ours, the comma. Note examples in. The comma is generally used to set off. A consonant between two vowels, except x in. Id- ra- re, re- gel, vdx- a. When two or more consonants occur between. But sch and sk when used as signs for the. Compound words are divided according to. The Swedish language has four genders. Masculine are generally names of living. They. require as pronoun of reference han. Feminine are generally names of living. They. require as pronoun of reference hon. Common gender comprises most names of. The pro- . noun of reference is den. Whether the name of an inanimate object. A few practical rules for determin- . Appendix ; but. the best plan for the beginner is to associate the. The neuter gender requires det as pronoun. Formerly the distinction between the mas- . ARTICLES. The distinction. The tendency is to extend the province. Thus we find that names. On the contrary. nouns ending in - a with plural in - or are often fem- . Var dr klockan? Hon hanger pa vdggen i sdngkam- . It hangs on the wall in the bedroom. What became. of the little white dove? Masculine, feminine, and common nouns will be referred to as gender. It la not deemed necessary to denote whether a noun is masculine. There are three articles: the indefinite. The indefinite article which is equivalent to. English indefinite article a or an has two forms . En, which is used before all gender nouns. The indefinite article corresponds in the. English, with some important. It must be omitted. Before a predicate noun denoting profession. The verb att hava (short form, att ha), to.
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